A Gross Settlement System (GSS) is a payment system in which transactions are settled individually and on a gross basis, meaning each transaction is settled separately and in real-time without netting against other transactions. This ensures that each payment is final and irrevocable once settled, minimizing counterparty risk and providing immediate funds transfer.

In a Gross Settlement System:

• Individual Settlement: Each payment or transaction is settled individually, without being netted against other transactions. This means that the full value of each transaction is settled separately.
• Real-Time Settlement: Settlement of transactions occurs in real-time or near-real-time, ensuring immediate transfer of funds between participants.
• Finality of Settlement: Once a transaction is settled in a gross settlement system, it is considered final and irrevocable. This reduces counterparty risk and ensures certainty of payment.
• High Liquidity Requirement: Participants in a gross settlement system typically require sufficient liquidity to cover the full value of their transactions, as settlements are made on a gross basis.

Gross settlement systems are commonly used for large-value, time-sensitive transactions, such as interbank transfers, securities trading, and settlement of high-value payments. They play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and efficiency of financial markets by facilitating secure and timely settlement of transactions.