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How to Read a 13F Filing

Read a Form 13F in EDGAR step by step: identify the report period, decode the holdings table, check amendments and understand what the filing omits.
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ETF Bid-Ask Spread vs Expense Ratio

Compare an ETF’s annual expense ratio with its bid-ask spread and NAV premium. See a hypothetical trade, cost math and where to verify fund disclosures.
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Ex-Dividend vs Record Date (T+1)

Understand ex-dividend, record and payment dates under U.S. T+1 settlement in 2026, with buyer-seller examples and the key exception for large dividends.
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How to Read SEC Form 4 Insider Trades

Learn to read SEC Form 4 insider transactions: find the filing, decode P, S, M and F, check 10b5-1 plans, and avoid mistaking grants for purchases.
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Confirmation Bias in Investing: Checklist

Use a source-first evidence checklist to challenge an investment thesis, inspect SEC filings and distinguish a real counterpoint from noise.
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Market Timing vs Dollar-Cost Averaging

Compare market timing with regular investing through two hypothetical price paths, cash drag, costs and a practical decision checklist.
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Geopolitical Risk and Stocks: A Checklist

Trace geopolitical shocks through energy, inflation, rates, currencies and company cash flows. A source-first checklist for investors without event-day guesses.
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Cyber Incidents: A Stock Research Guide

Read a public company cyber-incident disclosure without mistaking an 8-K headline for a full loss estimate. Check materiality, operations, costs and updates.
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Rare Earth Stocks: Supply Chain Checklist

Assess rare-earth investment claims through mining, separation, refining, magnet capacity, contracts, financing and commodity-price risks.
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IPO Prospectus: Investor Checklist

A source-first guide to an IPO prospectus: business model, risk factors, use of proceeds, share dilution, financial statements and first-day trading risk.
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Niche ETFs: Holdings, Fees and Risks

Evaluate a thematic or niche ETF by reading its index rules, actual holdings, overlap, concentration, costs, liquidity and product structure.
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Penny Stocks: Risk and Fraud Checklist

Understand microcap and penny-stock risks, including thin liquidity, limited disclosures, promotions, dilution and the checks to make before a trade.
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